Notes: The Kaushalya Dam is located near Pinjore in Haryana on the Kaushalya river, a tributary of Ghaggar. It plays a vital role in flood management and water storage in the Ghaggar basin; Haryana is the only state with such a dam on this river.

Notes: The Ghaggar River, known as the “River of Sorrow” due to frequent floods, is located in the Malwa region of Punjab, particularly affecting districts like Patiala, Sangrur, and Mansa. The river is seasonal and originates in the Shivalik foothills of Himachal Pradesh, flowing into Punjab near Dera Bassi, where its sudden surges during the monsoon can cause significant damage. Its unpredictable flooding, worsened by embankment issues and encroachments, has triggered disasters in 1988, 1993, 2008, 2019, and 2023.

Notes: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which includes the Gulf Stream, circulates warm water from the tropics northwards and cold water south; its collapse, as warned in recent studies, could disrupt global climate, impact rainfall and temperature patterns, and is weaker than at any point in 1,600 years.

Notes: Rapid warming of the Mediterranean has led to higher sea temperatures, attracting jellyfish and the Portuguese man o’ war—prey for blue dragons. As these food sources increase, blue dragons follow, disrupting marine ecosystems. Climate change underlies this rare phenomenon.

Notes: The court determined that Trump’s invocation of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 1977 to implement tariffs was incompatible with the intent of the law. IEEPA is traditionally used to address significant international threats, such as crises involving national security or foreign policy—not for economic trade imbalances. Previous presidents have used the act for events like the 1979 Iran hostage crisis or after the 9/11 attacks. The court clarified that IEEPA does not justify tariffs of unlimited scope, specifically in trade deficit contexts.

Notes: The US President recently announced a 175 billion dollar Golden Dome missile defence shield for the United States. It is a ground and space-based system designed to protect the country from advanced missile threats. Golden Dome will use a network of satellites to detect, track and intercept incoming missiles, including long-range ones from space or other continents. It will integrate with existing US defence systems like Patriot, THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defence), Aegis Ballistic Missile Defence and Ground-based Midcourse Defence (GMD).

Notes: In early 2025, the United States contributed the most to the global emissions rise, accounting for over half the increase in fossil fuel emissions, with a 1.43% rise (48.57 million tonnes CO2e) in the first half of 2025, mainly due to increased reliance on oil, gas, and coal.

Notes: Union Minister of State for Ayush inaugurated the National Ayush Mission (NAM) and Capacity Building Summit at All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi. The event was organised by the Ministry of Ayush. It focused on six key areas: Financial Management, Ayush-Modern Healthcare Integration, Human Resource Strengthening, Infrastructure & Service Delivery, Quality Assurance of ASU&H Medicines, and Digital Services. Ayurveda Day will now be celebrated on 23 September every year, with the 10th anniversary theme “Ayurveda for People and Planet.”

Notes: India’s Crude Birth Rate (CBR) declined from 19.1 in 2022 to 18.4 in 2023, a fall of 0.7 points. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) fell for the first time in two years to 1.9 in 2023 from 2.0 in 2021–22. Bihar reported the highest CBR at 25.8, while Tamil Nadu had the lowest at 12. Bihar also had the highest TFR at 2.8, while Delhi reported the lowest at 1.2. 18 States and Union Territories (UTs) recorded TFR below the replacement level of 2.1. Northern States with above-replacement TFR include Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh. Data comes from the Sample Registration Survey (SRS) 2023 released by the Registrar General of India.

Notes: International Day of Charity is observed every year on 5th September. It honors Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1979 for her charitable work. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared this day in 2012 to mark her death anniversary. The day spreads awareness about poverty eradication and global humanitarian efforts. It encourages people to support charities, join events, and help communities. The observance inspires everyone to carry forward Mother Teresa’s mission of service and compassion.

Notes: Telangana recorded the highest Per Capita Income (PCI) in India for 2024-25 at ₹3.87 lakh net state domestic product (NSDP), surpassing Karnataka (₹3.8 lakh) and Haryana (₹3.5 lakh). This is Telangana’s first top rank in five years, showing strong economic performance. The state has maintained 10%+ average PCI growth over the past decade and 12% growth even in the last two years. Agriculture, especially cotton and horticulture, drove rural market activity and boosted growth.

Notes: The Assam Olympic Association (AOA) launched the Bhogeswar Baruah National Sports Award on September 3, 2025 in Guwahati. The awards honour Bhogeswar Baruah, Assam’s first Asian Games gold medallist and Arjuna Awardee. Awards will be given annually in six categories: Best Sportsperson, Emerging Player, and Lifetime Achievement at National and State levels. National awardees are Manu Bhaker (Best Sportsperson), Sunil Chhetri (Lifetime Achievement) and Bedabrat Bharali (Emerging Player). Assam awardees are Lovlina Borgohain (Best Sportsperson), Dipankar Bhattacharya (Lifetime Achievement) and Priyanuj Bhattacharya (Emerging Player).

Notes: Madhav Gopal Kamath, 14, won the 2025 World Youth Scrabble Championship (WYSC), becoming the first Indian to win a major global Scrabble title. The tournament was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with 218 under-18 players from 18 countries. Madhav, the reigning national champion, won 21 out of 24 rounds and clinched the title in the penultimate round. Suyash Manchali, 15, from Bengaluru, placed fifth with 17 wins.

Notes: The Indian Navy’s Eastern Naval Command hosted a two-day seminar on Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance (LRMR) at INS Rajali, Arakkonam, highlighting India’s maritime surveillance strength. INS Rajali is an Indian Naval Air Station near Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu, commissioned on 11 March 1992. It is spread over 2,200 acres, 80 km west of Chennai, and is the largest and most modern Naval Air Station with 4,700 personnel. It has the longest military runway in Asia and supports both operations and training.

Notes: Indonesia suspended import of Indian groundnuts from 3 September 2025 due to Aflatoxin concerns. Suspension threatens new crop arrivals in a month, with groundnut sown on 48 lakh hectares this kharif season. Gujarat expects record 66 lakh tonnes, but prices remain below Minimum Support Price (MSP). Indonesia is India’s top buyer, importing one-third of exports — 2.77 lakh tonnes worth $280 million in 2024–25. Aflatoxins are toxic compounds from fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, linked to liver cancer and health risks.

Notes: Three Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated NATO member Estonia’s airspace over the Gulf of Finland for 12 minutes. The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost part of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe, covering 30,000 sq.km. It extends 400 km east to west and 19–130 km north to south, bordered by Finland, Russia, and Estonia. Capitals Helsinki (Finland) and Tallinn (Estonia) lie on its shores, with St. Petersburg at the eastern end. The gulf is shallow, average depth 38 m, low salinity (6‰), and freezes 3–5 months in winter. It receives Neva and Narva rivers and the Saimaa Canal.

Notes: World Alzheimer’s Day is observed every year on 21 September as part of Alzheimer’s Month to create awareness about dementia and Alzheimer’s. The day supports families of Alzheimer-affected patients to manage and fight the disease. Alzheimer’s is a severe brain disorder causing memory loss, confusion, and impairing learning, thinking, reasoning, decision-making, and attention, affecting daily life and emotions. September is designated as Alzheimer’s Month, with global societies organising activities to educate on symptoms, early diagnosis, treatment, and provide social and financial support. The 2025 theme is “Ask About Dementia. Ask About Alzheimer’s” to reduce stigma and promote dementia-friendly attitudes.

Notes: Bharat International Rice Conference (BIRC) 2025 will be held on 30–31 October 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. It is the world’s largest rice event, bringing together farmers, global buyers, and stakeholders. The conference will showcase India’s rice diversity, quality standards, and strengthen business-to-business (B2B) linkages. The event aims to accelerate India’s vision to double agriculture and agri-based exports in the next five years.